Consider a fixed array of integers in C++:
int array[5];If we want to initialize this array with values, we can do so directly via the initializer list syntax:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int array[] { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; // initializer list
for (auto i : array)
std::cout << i << ' ';
return 0;
}This prints:
5 4 3 2 1
This also works for dynamically allocated arrays:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
auto* array{ new int[5]{ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 } }; // initializer list
for (int count{ 0 }; count < 5; ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
delete[] array;
return 0;
}In the previous lesson, we introduced the concept of container classes, and showed an example of an IntArray class that holds an array of integers:
#include <cassert> // for assert()
#include <iostream>
class IntArray
{
private:
int m_length{};
int* m_data{};
public:
IntArray() = default;
IntArray(int length)
: m_length{ length }
, m_data{ new int[static_cast<std::size_t>(length)] {} }
{
}
~IntArray()
{
delete[] m_data;
// we don't need to set m_data to null or m_length to 0 here, since the object will be destroyed immediately after this function anyway
}
int& operator[](int index)
{
assert(index >= 0 && index < m_length);
return m_data[index];
}
int getLength() const { return m_length; }
};
int main()
{
// What happens if we try to use an initializer list with this container class?
IntArray array { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; // this line doesn't compile
for (int count{ 0 }; count < 5; ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
return 0;
}This code won’t compile, because the IntArray class doesn’t have a constructor that knows what to do with an initializer list. As a result, we’re left initializing our array elements individually:
int main()
{
IntArray array(5);
array[0] = 5;
array[1] = 4;
array[2] = 3;
array[3] = 2;
array[4] = 1;
for (int count{ 0 }; count < 5; ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
return 0;
}That’s not so great.
Class initialization using std::initializer_list
When a compiler sees an initializer list, it automatically converts it into an object of type std::initializer_list. Therefore, if we create a constructor that takes a std::initializer_list parameter, we can create objects using the initializer list as an input.
std::initializer_list lives in the <initializer_list> header.
There are a few things to know about std::initializer_list. Much like std::array or std::vector, you have to tell std::initializer_list what type of data the list holds using angled brackets, unless you initialize the std::initializer_list right away. Therefore, you’ll almost never see a plain std::initializer_list. Instead, you’ll see something like std::initializer_list<int> or std::initializer_list<std::string>.
Second, std::initializer_list has a (misnamed) size() function which returns the number of elements in the list. This is useful when we need to know the length of the list passed in.
Third, std::initializer_list is often passed by value. Much like std::string_view, std::initializer_list is a view. Copying a std::initializer_list does not copy the elements in the list.
Let’s take a look at updating our IntArray class with a constructor that takes a std::initializer_list.
#include <cassert> // for assert()
#include <initializer_list> // for std::initializer_list
#include <iostream>
class IntArray
{
private:
int m_length {};
int* m_data{};
public:
IntArray() = default;
IntArray(int length)
: m_length{ length }
, m_data{ new int[static_cast<std::size_t>(length)] {} }
{
}
IntArray(std::initializer_list<int> list) // allow IntArray to be initialized via list initialization
: IntArray(static_cast<int>(list.size())) // use delegating constructor to set up initial array
{
// Now initialize our array from the list
int count{ 0 };
for (auto element : list)
{
m_data[count] = element;
++count;
}
}
~IntArray()
{
delete[] m_data;
// we don't need to set m_data to null or m_length to 0 here, since the object will be destroyed immediately after this function anyway
}
IntArray(const IntArray&) = delete; // to avoid shallow copies
IntArray& operator=(const IntArray& list) = delete; // to avoid shallow copies
int& operator[](int index)
{
assert(index >= 0 && index < m_length);
return m_data[index];
}
int getLength() const { return m_length; }
};
int main()
{
IntArray array{ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; // initializer list
for (int count{ 0 }; count < array.getLength(); ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
return 0;
}This produces the expected result:
5 4 3 2 1
It works! Now, let’s explore this in more detail.
Here’s our IntArray constructor that takes a std::initializer_list<int>.
IntArray(std::initializer_list<int> list) // allow IntArray to be initialized via list initialization
: IntArray(static_cast<int>(list.size())) // use delegating constructor to set up initial array
{
// Now initialize our array from the list
int count{ 0 };
for (int element : list)
{
m_data[count] = element;
++count;
}
}On line 1: As noted above, we have to use angled brackets to denote what type of element we expect inside the list. In this case, because this is an IntArray, we’d expect the list to be filled with int. Note that we don’t pass the list by const reference. Much like std::string_view, std::initializer_list is very lightweight and copies tend to be cheaper than an indirection.
On line 2: We delegate allocating memory for the IntArray to the other constructor via a delegating constructor (to reduce redundant code). This other constructor needs to know the length of the array, so we pass it list.size(), which contains the number of elements in the list. Note that list.size() returns a size_t (which is unsigned) so we need to cast to a signed int here.
The body of the constructor is reserved for copying the elements from the list into our IntArray class. For some inexplicable reason, std::initializer_list does not provide access to the elements of the list via subscripting (operator[]). The omission has been noted many times to the standards committee and never addressed.
However, there are easy ways to work around the lack of subscripts. The easiest way is to use a for-each loop here. The ranged-based for loop steps through each element of the initialization list, and we can manually copy the elements into our internal array.
List initialization prefers list constructors over non-list constructors
Non-empty initializer lists will always favor a matching initializer_list constructor over other potentially matching constructors. Consider:
IntArray a1(5); // uses IntArray(int), allocates an array of size 5
IntArray a2{ 5 }; // uses IntArray<std::initializer_list<int>, allocates array of size 1The a1 case uses direct initialization (which doesn’t consider list constructors), so this definition will call IntArray(int), allocating an array of size 5.
The a2 case uses list initialization (which favors list constructors). Both IntArray(int) and IntArray(std::initializer_list<int>) are possible matches here, but since list constructors are favored, IntArray(std::initializer_list<int>) will be called, allocating an array of size 1 (with that element having value 5)
This is why our delegating constructor above uses direct initialization when delegating:
IntArray(std::initializer_list<int> list)
: IntArray(static_cast<int>(list.size())) // uses direct initThat ensures we delegate to the IntArray(int) version. If we had delegated using list initialization instead, the constructor would try to delegate to itself, which will cause a compile error.
The same happens to std::vector and other container classes that have both a list constructor and a constructor with a similar type of parameter
std::vector<int> array(5); // Calls std::vector::vector(std::vector::size_type), 5 value-initialized elements: 0 0 0 0 0
std::vector<int> array{ 5 }; // Calls std::vector::vector(std::initializer_list<int>), 1 element: 5Key insight
List initialization favors matching list constructors over matching non-list constructors.
Best practice
When initializing a container that has a list constructor:
- Use brace initialization when intending to call the list constructor (e.g. because your initializers are element values)
- Use direct initialization when intending to call a non-list constructor (e.g. because your initializers are not element values).
Adding list constructors to an existing class is dangerous
Because list initialization favors list constructors, adding a list constructor to an existing class that did not previously have one can cause existing programs to silently change behavior.
Consider the following program:
#include <initializer_list> // for std::initializer_list
#include <iostream>
class Foo
{
public:
Foo(int, int)
{
std::cout << "Foo(int, int)" << '\n';
}
};
int main()
{
Foo f1{ 1, 2 }; // calls Foo(int, int)
return 0;
}This prints:
Foo(int, int)
Now let’s add a list constructor to this class:
#include <initializer_list> // for std::initializer_list
#include <iostream>
class Foo
{
public:
Foo(int, int)
{
std::cout << "Foo(int, int)" << '\n';
}
// We've added a list constructor
Foo(std::initializer_list<int>)
{
std::cout << "Foo(std::initializer_list<int>)" << '\n';
}
};
int main()
{
// note that the following statement has not changed
Foo f1{ 1, 2 }; // now calls Foo(std::initializer_list<int>)
return 0;
}Although we’ve made no other changes to the program, this program now prints:
Foo(std::initializer_list<int>)
Warning
Adding a list constructor to an existing class that did not have one may break existing programs.
Class assignment using std::initializer_list
You can also use std::initializer_list to assign new values to a class by overloading the assignment operator to take a std::initializer_list parameter. This works analogously to the above. We’ll show an example of how to do this in the quiz solution below.
Note that if you implement a constructor that takes a std::initializer_list, you should ensure you do at least one of the following:
- Provide an overloaded list assignment operator
- Provide a proper deep-copying copy assignment operator
- Delete the copy assignment operator
Here’s why: consider the following class (which doesn’t have any of these things), along with a list assignment statement:
#include <cassert> // for assert()
#include <initializer_list> // for std::initializer_list
#include <iostream>
class IntArray
{
private:
int m_length{};
int* m_data{};
public:
IntArray() = default;
IntArray(int length)
: m_length{ length }
, m_data{ new int[static_cast<std::size_t>(length)] {} }
{
}
IntArray(std::initializer_list<int> list) // allow IntArray to be initialized via list initialization
: IntArray(static_cast<int>(list.size())) // use delegating constructor to set up initial array
{
// Now initialize our array from the list
int count{ 0 };
for (auto element : list)
{
m_data[count] = element;
++count;
}
}
~IntArray()
{
delete[] m_data;
}
// IntArray(const IntArray&) = delete; // to avoid shallow copies
// IntArray& operator=(const IntArray& list) = delete; // to avoid shallow copies
int& operator[](int index)
{
assert(index >= 0 && index < m_length);
return m_data[index];
}
int getLength() const { return m_length; }
};
int main()
{
IntArray array{};
array = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 }; // Here's our list assignment statement
for (int count{ 0 }; count < array.getLength(); ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
return 0;
}First, the compiler will note that an assignment function taking a std::initializer_list doesn’t exist. Next it will look for other assignment functions it could use, and discover the implicitly provided copy assignment operator. However, this function can only be used if it can convert the initializer list into an IntArray. Because { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 } is a std::initializer_list, the compiler will use the list constructor to convert the initializer list into a temporary IntArray. Then it will call the implicit assignment operator, which will shallow copy the temporary IntArray into our array object.
At this point, both the temporary IntArray’s m_data and array->m_data point to the same address (due to the shallow copy). You can already see where this is going.
At the end of the assignment statement, the temporary IntArray is destroyed. That calls the destructor, which deletes the temporary IntArray’s m_data. This leaves array->m_data as a dangling pointer. When you try to use array->m_data for any purpose (including when array goes out of scope and the destructor goes to delete m_data), you’ll get undefined behavior.
Best practice
If you provide list construction, it’s a good idea to provide list assignment as well.
Summary
Implementing a constructor that takes a std::initializer_list parameter allows us to use list initialization with our custom classes. We can also use std::initializer_list to implement other functions that need to use an initializer list, such as an assignment operator.
Quiz time
Question #1
Using the IntArray class above, implement an overloaded assignment operator that takes an initializer list.
The following code should run:
int main()
{
IntArray array { 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; // initializer list
for (int count{ 0 }; count < array.getLength(); ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
array = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 };
for (int count{ 0 }; count < array.getLength(); ++count)
std::cout << array[count] << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
return 0;
}This should print:
5 4 3 2 1 1 3 5 7 9 11