With many different versions of C++ available (C++98, C++03, C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20, C++23, etc…) how does your compiler know which one to use? Generally, a compiler will pick a standard to default to. Typically the default is not the most recent language standard — many default to C++14, which …
On modern computer architectures, the smallest addressable unit of memory is a byte. Since all objects need to have unique memory addresses, this means objects must be at least one byte in size. For most variable types, this is fine. However, for Boolean values, this is a bit wasteful (pun …
The (also commonly called the or ) is an operator that returns the remainder after doing an integer division. For example, 7 / 4 = 1 remainder 3. Therefore, 7 % 4 = 3. As another example, 25 / 7 = 3 remainder 4, thus 25 % 7 = 4. …
Consider a case where you’re going to go to the market, and your roommate tells you, “if they have strawberries on sale, buy some”. This is a conditional statement, meaning that you’ll execute some action (“buy some”) only if the condition (“they have strawberries on sale”) is true. Such conditions …
Before we talk about our next subject, we’re going to sidebar into the topic of scientific notation. Scientific notation is a useful shorthand for writing lengthy numbers in a concise manner. And although scientific notation may seem foreign at first, understanding scientific notation will help you understand how floating point …
In the previous lesson (), we covered signed integers, which are a set of types that can hold positive and negative whole numbers, including 0. C++ also supports unsigned integers. are integers that can only hold non-negative whole numbers. To define an unsigned integer, we use the unsigned keyword. By …
A is an error that occurs when you write a statement that is not valid according to the grammar of the C++ language. The compiler will catch these. A occurs when a statement is syntactically valid, but does not do what the programmer intended. The process of finding and removing …
When you make a semantic error, that error may or may not be immediately noticeable when you run your program. An issue may lurk undetected in your code for a long time before newly introduced code or changed circumstances cause it to manifest as a program malfunction. The longer an …
Modern debuggers contain one more debugging information window that can be very useful in debugging your program, and that is the call stack window. When your program calls a function, you already know that it bookmarks the current location, makes the function call, and then returns. How does it know …
While stepping (covered in lesson ) is useful for examining each individual line of your code in isolation, in a large program, it can take a long time to step through your code to even get to the point where you want to examine in more detail. Fortunately, modern debuggers …
