C++ contains many useful fundamental and compound data types (which we introduced in lessons and ). But these types aren’t always sufficient for the kinds of things we want to do. For example, let’s say you’re writing a program that needs to keep track of whether an apple is red, …
The value of an object is stored as a sequence of bits, and the data type of the object tells the compiler how to interpret those bits into meaningful values. Different data types may represent the “same” number differently. For example, the integer value 3 might be stored as binary …
The term static is one of the most confusing terms in the C++ language, in large part because static has different meanings in different contexts. In prior lessons, we covered that global variables have static duration, which means they are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program …
In lesson , we covered that local variables are variables defined inside a function body. Local variables have block scope (are only visible within the block they are declared in), and have automatic duration (they are created at the point of definition and destroyed when the block is exited). In …
A (also called a , or ) is a group of zero or more statements that is treated by the compiler as if it were a single statement. Blocks begin with a { symbol, end with a } symbol, with the statements to be executed being placed in between. Blocks …
C++ provides 6 bit manipulation operators, often called operators: Author’s note In the following examples, we will largely be working with 4-bit binary values. This is for the sake of convenience and keeping the examples simple. In actual programs, the number of bits used is based on the size of …
Consider a decimal integral value, such as 5623. We intuitively understand that these digits mean (5 * 1000) + (6 * 100) + (2 * 10) + (3 * 1). Because there are 10 decimal numbers, the value of each subsequent digit to the left increases by a factor of …
While relational (comparison) operators can be used to test whether a particular condition is true or false, they can only test one condition at a time. Often we need to know whether multiple conditions are true simultaneously. For example, to check whether we’ve won the lottery, we have to compare …
are operators that let you compare two values. There are 6 relational operators: You have already seen how most of these work, and they are pretty intuitive. Each of these operators evaluates to the boolean value true (1), or false (0). Here’s some sample code using these operators with integers: …
The allows you to evaluate multiple expressions wherever a single expression is allowed. The comma operator evaluates the left operand, then the right operand, and then returns the result of the right operand. For example: #include <iostream> int main() { int x{ 1 }; int y{ 2 }; std::cout << …
