Consider the following program: #include <iostream> class Fraction { private: int m_numerator{ 0 }; int m_denominator{ 1 }; public: // Default constructor Fraction(int numerator=0, int denominator=1) : m_numerator{numerator}, m_denominator{denominator} { } void print() { std::cout << “Fraction(” << m_numerator << “, ” << m_denominator << “)\n”; } }; int main() …
In lesson , you learned that C++ allows you to convert one data type to another. The following example shows an int being converted into a double: int n{ 5 }; auto d{ static_cast<double>(n) }; // int cast to a double C++ already knows how to convert between the built-in …
All of the overloaded operators you have seen so far let you define the type of the operator’s parameters, but not the number of parameters (which is fixed based on the type of the operator). For example, operator== always takes two parameters, whereas operator! always takes one. The parenthesis operator …
In lesson , we covered many types of common C++ semantic errors that new C++ programmers run into with the language. If an error is the result of a misused language feature or logic error, the error can simply be corrected. But most errors in a program don’t occur as …
When working with arrays, we typically use the subscript operator ([]) to index specific elements of an array: myArray[0] = 7; // put the value 7 in the first element of the array However, consider the following IntList class, which has a member variable that is an array: class IntList …
Overloading the increment (++) and decrement (–) operators is pretty straightforward, with one small exception. There are actually two versions of the increment and decrement operators: a prefix increment and decrement (e.g. ++x; –y;) and a postfix increment and decrement (e.g. x++; y–;). Because the increment and decrement operators are …
In lesson , you learned how to overload the arithmetic operators using friend functions. You also learned you can overload operators as normal functions. Many operators can be overloaded in a different way: as a member function. Overloading operators using a member function is very similar to overloading operators using …
Overloading unary operators Unlike the operators you’ve seen so far, the positive (+), negative (-) and logical not (!) operators all are unary operators, which means they only operate on one operand. Because they only operate on the object they are applied to, typically unary operator overloads are implemented as …
In lesson , we discussed the six comparison operators. Overloading these comparison operators is comparatively simple (see what I did there?), as they follow the same patterns as we’ve seen in overloading other operators. Because the comparison operators are all binary operators that do not modify their left operands, we …
For classes that have multiple member variables, printing each of the individual variables on the screen can get tiresome fast. For example, consider the following class: class Point { private: double m_x{}; double m_y{}; double m_z{}; public: Point(double x=0.0, double y=0.0, double z=0.0) : m_x{x}, m_y{y}, m_z{z} { } double …
