In lesson , we discussed cases where a function encounters an error that it cannot reasonably handle itself. For example, consider a function that calculates and returns a value: int doIntDivision(int x, int y) { return x / y; } If the caller passes in a value that is semantically …
The constexpr keyword When you declare a const variable using the const keyword, the compiler will implicitly keep track of whether it’s a runtime or compile-time constant. In most cases, this doesn’t matter for anything other than optimization purposes, but there are a few cases where C++ requires a constant …
Chapter Review A is a value that may not be changed during the program’s execution. C++ supports two types of constants: named constants, and literals. A is a constant value that is associated with an identifier. Constant variables are one type of named constant, as are object-like macros with substitution …
Operator Symbol Form Meaning Conditional ?: c ? x : y If conditional c is true then evaluate x, otherwise evaluate y The conditional operator (?:) (also sometimes called the arithmetic if operator) is a ternary operator (an operator that takes 3 operands). Because it has historically been C++’s only …
In some cases, it is possible to write functions that don’t behave as desired when called with values of certain types. Consider the following example: #include <iostream> void printInt(int x) { std::cout << x << ‘\n’; } int main() { printInt(5); // okay: prints 5 printInt(‘a’); // prints 97 — …
Author’s note This is an optional lesson. We recommend having a light read-through to familiarize yourself with the material, but comprehensive understanding is not required to proceed with future lessons. In lesson , we discussed how calling access functions that return references to data members can be dangerous when the …
In lesson , we covered return by reference. In particular, we noted, “The object being returned by reference must exist after the function returns”. This means we should not return local variables by reference, as the reference will be left dangling after the local variable is destroyed. However, it is …
In lesson , we discussed how type aliases let us define an alias for an existing type. Creating a type alias for a class template where all template arguments are explicitly specified works just like a normal type alias: #include <iostream> template <typename T> struct Pair { T first{}; T …
In the prior lesson (), we discussed C-style multidimensional arrays. // C-style 2d array int arr[3][4] { { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, { 5, 6, 7, 8 }, { 9, 10, 11, 12 }}; But as you’re aware, we generally want to avoid C-style arrays (unless they are being …
In lesson , we discussed arrays and enumerations. Now that we have constexpr std::array in our toolkit, we’re going to continue that discussion and show a few additional tricks. Using static assert to ensure the proper number of array initializers When initializing a constexpr std::array using CTAD, the compiler will …
